盐城滨海湿地春季温室气体通量及影响因素

通过在盐城滨海湿地进行植被调查、气体以及表层沉积物样品的采集与分析,探讨温室气体通量与植被状况、表层沉积物理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:不同植被覆盖下的滨海湿地,温室气体通量表现各异,其中CO2在滨海湿地5月份表现为碳源,且有植被覆盖的互花米草滩和芦苇滩的CO2排放通量明显大于无植被覆盖的光滩,盐蒿滩植被的盖度和密度较低,故排放也较低,光滩、互花米草滩、盐蒿滩以及芦苇滩CO2通量分别为26.99、865.2、100.87和1 942.03 mg(/m2.h);CH4在光滩,互花米草滩,盐蒿滩上则为弱汇,在芦苇滩为弱源,通量值分别为-0.13、-0.14、-0.02和0.55 mg(/m2.h);光滩和芦苇滩是N2O吸收汇,为-12.29,-56.83μg(/m2.h),互花米草滩和盐蒿滩为源,为18.56,25.64μg(/m2.h)。表层沉积物理化性质存在显著的空间差异:其中粒径与容重均是光滩最大,互花米草滩最小,盐蒿滩、芦苇滩居中;TN、TOC、微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N均是光滩最小,互花米草滩最大,盐蒿和芦苇居中;C/N为互花米草滩和芦苇滩较大,而光滩和盐蒿滩则较小。全盐分布表现为互花米草滩>盐蒿滩>光滩>芦苇滩。pH表现为:芦苇>光滩>盐蒿滩>互花米草滩。通过相关分析,回归分析以及主成分分析,得出CO2和CH4通量与箱温、10²0 cm沉积物温度以及pH呈显著相关,而N2O则主要与pH、全盐、容重、微生物生物量N的相关性较大。     

利用人工湿地处理云南高原湖泊入湖河水的净化效果分析

对5个典型人工湿地进行分析,结果表明：人工湿地对各水质指标的去除率分别为：SS为70％～80％,TN及NH3-N约为30％～50％,TP约为20％-40％,CODcr约为40％～50％;TN、NH3-N及TP去除率基本上是随着进水浓度的上升而逐渐下降。CODcr及SS则是随着进水浓度的下降而逐渐下降;人工湿地的TN削减量为28～33kg／d,NH3-N为5．3-7．34kg／d,TP为1．4～1．7kg／d,CODcr为250—320kg／a,SS为120～300kg／d;人工湿地的污染物表面负荷平均去除量TN为2．00g／m^2。d,NH3-N为0．53g／m^2·d,TP为2．32g／m^2·d,CODcr,为19．24g／m^2·d,SS为374．71g／m^2·d。     

折流式人工湿地处理校园生活污水试验研究

为解决传统人工湿地运行过程中存在的短路问题,本研究设计了折流式人工湿地污水处理系统,并将其应用于校园生活污水处理的试验研究。为期18个月的试验研究结果表明,系统的最佳水力停留时间（Hlit）为20h。稳定HRT=20h,24℃下折流式人工湿地对COD、TN、TP去除率分别为76．40％、76．12％、65．37％;温度降至12℃时,系统对COD、TN、TP去除率分别降至67．56％、62．75％、61．33％;运行过程中前6格室和整个系统的SS去除率分别为79．5％和87％。基于试验结果,阐明了折流式人工湿地处理生活污水高效稳定的机理。     

人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统水质净化效果

嘉兴市石臼漾湿地以仿拟自然界的植物床-沟壕系统为主要结构单元,以人工湿地生态根孔技术为核心净化技术,将河网源水主要水质指标提高了一个类别.为探索该系统以及根孔净化技术的优化途径,于2010年5～10月在湿地内构建了16个并联的植物床-沟壕单元,以正交设计手段研究根孔构筑方式、植物组合和强化介质3种因素对人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统水质净化效果的影响.综合考虑水质净化效果、工程施工难易程度、建设及运行维护成本等情况,推荐人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统的优化途径为:根孔构筑方式采用上、下两层秸秆填埋方式,植物组合优选芦苇+菰,在植物床局部采用适量方解石作为强化介质.比较了中试强化区和大工程区的水质净化效率,结果显示:强化后的植物床-沟壕系统具有进一步提升湿地水质净化效果的潜能,对总氮、总磷、氨氮等水质指标去除率提高幅度约为20%～40%.因此在保证湿地处理水量的前提下,控制大渠过水量、增加植物床-沟壕系统内根孔区的过流量可以发挥该系统更好的水质净化效果.     

天目湖流域湿地对氮磷输出影响研究

选择太湖地区天目湖饮用水源地的平桥河流域与中田河流域,综合利用遥感、GIS技术和野外水质监测、实验室分析等方法,对流域湿地与河流水质关系进行研究.结果表明:①平桥河流域与中田河流域湿地数量多,斑块密度分别为7.5个.km-2与7.1个.km-2.平桥流域湿地上下游分布广泛,多位于距离河流500 m范围之外,中田河流域湿地则相对集中于下游河段500 m范围内.②湿地对流域氮磷营养盐输出具有显著的截留效果.中田流域湿地对氮具有较强的截留效果,氮素浓度自上游至下游降低明显,而对磷的截留效果表现不明显.从季节响应来看,中田流域湿地在春季和冬季表现出TN和DTN浓度与流域湿地面积百分比明显的负相关关系,平桥流域湿地则在秋季对氮输出具有显著影响,表明湿地对氮磷的截留功效具有强烈的季节效应.③合理恢复一定数量的湿地面积,特别是增加河道附近湿地面积和数量,对河流水质具有改善作用.但氮磷营养盐在流域内的输移过程复杂,湿地的面积、位置、密度、生态系统结构等因素以及流域空间尺度、地形坡度、采样时间间隔及其它土地利用类型等因素都对物质输移过程产生影响,相关理论与实践研究有待于深入展开.     

An innovative wood-chip-framework substrate used as slow-release carbon source to treat high-strength nitrogen wastewater

Removal of nitrogen in wastewater before discharge into receiving water courses is an important consideration in treatment systems. However, nitrogen removal efficiency is usually limited due to the low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. A common solution is to add external carbon sources, but amount of liquid is difficult to determine. Therefore, a combined wood-chip-framework substrate (with wood, slag and gravel) as a slow-release carbon source was constructed in baffled subsurface-flow constructed wetlands to overcome the problem. Results show that the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) could reach 37.5%–85%, 57.4%–86%, 32.4%–78%, respectively, indicating the combined substrate could diffuse sufficient oxygen for the nitrification process (slag and gravel zone) and provide carbon source for denitrification process (wood-chip zone). The nitrification and denitrification were determined according to the location of slag/gravel and wood-chip, respectively. Nitrogen removal was efficient at the steady phase before a shock loading using slag-wood-gravel combined substrate because of nitrification–denitrification process, while nitrogen removal was efficient under a shock loading with wood-slag-gravel combined substrate because of ANAMMOX process. This study provides a new idea for wetland treatment of high-strength nitrogen wastewater.     

Development of metal organic framework-199 immobilized zeolite foam for adsorption of common indoor VOCs

Reticulated foam shaped adsorbents are more efficient for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly from low VOC-concentration indoor air streams. In this study composite structure of zeolite and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), referred as ZMF, has been fabricated by immobilization of fine MOF-199 powder on foam shaped Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) Zeolitic structure, referred as ZF. The ZMF possess a uniform and well-dispersed coating of MOF-199 on the porous framework of ZF. It shows higher surface area, pore volume, and VOCs adsorption capacity, as compared to ZF-structure. Post-fabrication changes in selective adsorption properties of ZMF were studied with three common indoor VOCs (benzene, n-hexane, and cyclohexane), using gravimetric adsorption technique. The adsorption capacity of ZMF with different VOCs follow the order of benzene > n-hexane > cyclohexane. In comparison with MOF-199 and ZF, the composite structure ZMF shows improvement in selectivity for benzene from other two VOCs. Further, improvement in efficiency and stability of prepared ZMF was found to be associated with its high MOF loading capacity and unique morphological and structural properties. The developed composite structure with improved VOCs removal and recyclability could be a promising material for small to limited scale air pollution treatment units.     

Performance of CH4MOD wetland for the case study of different regions of natural Chinese wetland

Reliable national estimates of CH₄ emissions from natural wetlands depend on model validation based on site observations. We therefore evaluated the performance of the CH4MOD_wetland model in simulating CH₄ emissions from 11 representative wetland sites in five regions of China. Model performance analysis showed that this method effectively simulates differences in the CH₄ fluxes between different sites and regions. The model efficiency for estimating the daily CH₄ fluxes in the northeastern China (NE), Inner Mongolia and northwestern China (NW), the North China plain and the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain (E) and the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (SW) was 0.51, 0.20, 0.52 and 0.65, respectively. The efficiency for estimating the annual mean CH₄ fluxes in southern China (S) was 0.99. Systematic negative deviation between the simulated and observed CH₄ emissions existed in all regions, especially in the NW region, which had a mean deviation (RMD) value of − 36.7%. On the national scale, the root mean square error (RMSE), the RMD, the model efficiency (EF) between the simulated and observed seasonal values were 28.7%, − 7.8% and 0.93, respectively. The CH₄ emissions showed the highest sensitivity to air temperature in the NE and SW regions, and to water table depth in the E region. Based on the sensitivity analysis, future climate warming and wetting are likely to increase the wetland CH₄ emissions at different levels in all regions of China.     

5种植物沉床系统对富营养化水体修复效果研究

以狐尾藻、马来眼子菜、金鱼藻、伊乐藻和苦草5种沉水植物为试验材料,构建以沉水植物为核心的人工沉床,探讨富营养化水体中沉水植物的生长状况和沉水植物沉床系统对氮、磷和COD_(Mn)的净化效果。结果表明:5种沉水植物在富营养水体中生长良好,生物量明显增加,以金鱼藻生物量最大。5种沉水植物沉床系统对富营养化水体中的TP、TN和NH_4~+-N去除率较高,均值分别为70.16%、79.60%、79.82%,而对COD_(Mn)的去除率较低,平均为39.74%;其中金鱼藻沉床系统对富营养化水体中的TP、TN、氨氮、COD_(Mn)去除率均最高,分别为79.76%、85.23%、85.81%和46.16%。因此,金鱼藻沉床系统对富营养化水体修复效果最好,同时金鱼藻也是该沉床系统的优选植物。     

西藏地区不同湿地植物配置对污水的净化效果

以拉萨市林周县温室型多介质人工湿地示范工程为基础,对比分析了不同湿地植物配置系统(T1-T4)下芦苇、黑三棱和水葱3种水生植物的生长特性以及各湿地系统对COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的去除效果,以期优化湿地植物配置,提高人工湿地系统的去污能力。结果表明,各植物覆盖系统(T1-T4)中湿地植物生长良好,且对污水中COD,NH+4-N,TN和TP等指标的去除效果均显著优于无植物覆盖系统(T5);其中水葱、黑三棱和芦苇的植物混合套种系统(T4)综合了植物根系分布的优势,延长了优势根区反应时间,综合去污效果及其稳定性最佳。